Dear Friends,
Be Well.
David
Earth is undergoing true polar wander, scientists say
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Scientists based in Germany and Norway today published new results about a geophysical theory known as true polar wander.
That is a drifting of Earth’s solid exterior – an actual change in
latitude for some land masses – relative to our planet’s rotation axis.
These scientists used hotspots in Earth’s mantle as part of a computer
model, which they say is accurate for the past 120 million years, to
identify four possible instances of true polar wander in the past. And,
they say, true polar wander is happening now. These scientists
published their results in the Journal for Geophysical Research today (October 1, 2012).
The scientists – including Pavel V. Doubrovine and Trond H. Torsvik
of the University of Oslo, and Bernhard Steinberger of the Helmholtz
Center in Potsdam, Germany – established what they believe is a stable reference frame
for tracking true polar wander. Based on this reference frame, they
say that twice – from 90 to 40 million years ago – the solid Earth
traveled back and forth by nearly 9 degrees with respect to our planet’s
axis of rotation. What’s more, for the past 40 million years, the
Earth’s solid outer layers have been slowly rotating at a rate of 0.2
degrees every million years, according to these scientists.
Diagram
showing solid-body rotation of the Earth with respect to a stationary
spin axis due to true polar wander. This diagram is greatly
exaggerated. According to Doubrovine and his team, Earth’s solid outer
layers have been slowly rotating at a rate of 0.2 degrees every million
years. Diagram via Wikimedia Commons.
True polar wander is not:
- A geomagnetic reversal, or reversal of Earth’s magnetic field, known to have happened before in Earth history.
- Plate tectonics, which describes the large-scale motions of great land plates on Earth and is thought to be driven by the circulation of Earth’s mantle.
- Precession of the Earth, whereby our world’s axis of rotation slowly moves, tracing out a circle among the stars, causing the identity of our North Star changes over time.
True polar wander is a geophysical theory, a way of thinking about Earth processes that might happen and that these scientists believe do
happen. The theory suggests that if an object of sufficient weight on
Earth – for example, a supersized volcano or other weighty land mass –
formed far from Earth’s equator, the force of Earth’s rotation would
gradually pull the object away from the axis around which Earth spins. A
supersized volcano far from Earth’s equator would create an imbalance, in other words. As explained at Princeton.edu:
If the volcanoes, land and other masses that exist within the spinning Earth ever became sufficiently imbalanced, the planet would tilt and rotate itself until this extra weight was relocated to a point along the equator.
That’s the theory of true polar wander. It would cause a movement of
Earth’s land masses, but for a different reason than the reason the
continents drift in the theory of plate tectonics (formerly called
“continental drift”). In the theory of plate tectonics, the continents
drift because Earth’s the layer of Earth underlying our planet’s crust,
called the mantle, is convective. That is, it circulates, slowly – like
water about to boil. In true polar wander, on the other hand, a
similar-seeming movement of land masses on Earth’s crust happens in
order to correct an imbalance of weight with respect to Earth’s spin.
Scientists’ understanding of true polar wander overlaps with their
understanding of plate tectonics in various ways. That’s
understandable, since it’s all the same Earth.
Scientists delving into true polar wander want to know when, in which
direction, and at what rate the Earth’s solid exterior might be
rotating due to true polar wander. To sort it out, they say, you would
need a stable frame of reference to which observations of relative motion might be compared. Doubrovine and his team say they found one: volcanic hotspots.
Hotspot
forming an island chain. As land plates drift, a successive of
volcanoes form over the hotspot. Image via Wikimedia Commons.
In geology, hotspots are volcanic regions fed by Earth’s underlying
mantle. For example, the Hawaiian islands are believed to have formed
over a hotspot in the mantle. The hotspot created a volcano, but then –
as that land plate drifted over time, as described by the theory of
plate tectonics – the volcano drifted, too, and was eventually cut off
from the hotspot. Gradually, another volcano begins to form over the
hotspot, right next to the first one. And then it moves on … and
another one forms … and so on … and so on. Earth’s crust produces first
one, then another volcano over the hotspot until a long chain of
volcanoes forms, such as in Hawaii. Hotspots have long been used to
understand the motion of tectonic plates.
Doubrovine and colleagues went a step further in order to understand
true polar wander. Instead of treating the hot spots as static – frozen
in place at one spot above Earth’s mantle – their computer model let
the hotspots’ positions drift slowly. According to these scientists,
this drifting is what produced a model of a stable reference frame, which in turn let them draw conclusions about true polar wander.
They say their model does a good job of matching observations of real
hotspot tracks on Earth – the path drawn by each hotspot’s island chain
– which gives them confidence their results about true polar wander are
accurate.
The
Hawaiian islands are believed to have formed over a hotspot – a
particularly hot place in Earth’s underlying mantle. Scientists
expanded on previous thinking about hotspots to suggest that Earth’s
solid surface is drifting, minutely, with respect to our planet’s
rotation axis.
Bottom line: German and Norwegian scientists have incorporated
hotspots in Earth’s mantle into a computer model being used to study
true polar wander. They say their work established a stable reference
frame for this study that lets them conclude Earth is undergoing true
polar wander today.
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